Campbell, Donald A philosopher and psychologist, taught in the department of psychology at Northwestern University; noted for contributions to evolutionary epistemology and especially for introducing the concept of downward

was introduced in 1972 by Donald Campbell . But it seems to me that it's been much ignored by both philosophers of science and also by scientists themselves in the years since then. The one place in science where downward or top-down causation

was introduced in 1972 by Donald Campbell .  But it seems to me that it's been much ignored by both philosophers of science and also by scientists themselves in the years since then.  The one place in science where downward or top-down causation

of downward causation . In Donald Campbell ’s original example, it is the functional properties of the termites’ jaw structure - their relation to a higher-level causal order - that allows for environmental feedback, resulting in