The theological importance of chaos and complexity is discussed in Russell, Murphy and <!g>Peacocke, Chaos and complexity. My own view is that wagering on chaos is a doubly-removed gamble compared to <!g>quantum mechanics: it requires that ‘<!g>holistic chaos’ will one day be discovered and that when it is, it will be unambiguously be interpreted as supporting philosophical indeterminism. Quantum mechanics, at least, is at hand as a theory, and thus, though multiply interpretable, it is not as much a ‘gamble’ as <!g>chaos theory. On the other hand, if one truly believes that theology can contribute to new science, even if indirectly, than a commitment to openness at the macroscopic level could inspire the search for holistic chaos. As long as one is clear about this being the method employed, I think it entirely valid. See Part 3-B below and my work on <!g>cosmology and <!g>eschatology.