Clifford also argues that, in transforming the meaning of species from fixed and discrete to fluid and possessing the capacity to evolve, Darwin’s real target was limited to Paley’s very particular and highly rationalistic form of natural theology with its insistence on radical divine sovereignty over a passive and static world and its insensitivity to suffering in nature. C. S. J. Clifford, Anne M., "Darwin's Revolution in the Origin of Species: A Hermeneutical Study of the Movement from Natural Theology to Natural Selection," in Evolutionary and Molecular Biology: Scientific Perspectives on Divine Action, ed. Robert John Russell, William R. Stoeger, S. J and Francisco J. Ayala (Vatican City State; Berkeley, California: Vatican Observatory Publications; Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences, 1998). See a further reference to Clifford’s work under Part 3, A below.